Michael and Nikolay are joined by Alexander Kukushkin, PostgreSQL contributor and maintainer of Patroni, to discuss all things Patroni — what it is, how it works, recent improvements, and more.Here are some links to things they mentioned:Alexander Kukushkin https://postgres.fm/people/alexander-kukushkinPatroni https://github.com/patroni/patroniSpilo https://github.com/zalando/spilo Zalando Postgres Operator https://github.com/zalando/postgres-operatorCrunchy Data Postgres Operator https://github.com/CrunchyData/postgres-operatorSplit-brain https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split-brain_(computing)repmgr https://github.com/EnterpriseDB/repmgrCloudNativePG https://github.com/cloudnative-pg/cloudnative-pgPatroni release notes https://patroni.readthedocs.io/en/latest/releases.htmlCitus & Patroni talk and demo by Alexander (at Citus Con 2023) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mw8O9d0ez7E~~~What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!~~~Postgres FM is produced by:Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustardNikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.aiWith special thanks to:Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork

Nikolay and Michael discuss the fresh new Postgres 17 release! They cover several performance improvements, favourite new features, and some considerations for upgrading. Here are some links to things they mentioned:Postgres 17 release notes https://www.postgresql.org/docs/17/release-17.htmltransaction_timeout episode https://postgres.fm/episodes/transaction_timeoutVACUUM improvements discussed towards end of episode with Melanie Plageman https://postgres.fm/episodes/getting-started-with-benchmarkingB-tree improvements discussed in episdode with Peter Geoghegan https://postgres.fm/episodes/skip-scanAs Rails developers, why we are excited about PostgreSQL 17 (blog post by Benoit Tigeot) https://benoittgt.github.io/blog/postgres_17_rails/ Real World Performance Gains With Postgres 17 B-tree Bulk Scans (blog post by Brandur Leach) https://www.crunchydata.com/blog/real-world-performance-gains-with-postgres-17-btree-bulk-scansMERGE RETURNING came up towards end of episode with Haki Benita https://postgres.fm/episodes/get-or-createuuid_extract_timestamp and uuid_extract_version functions https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/functions-uuid.htmlEpisode on UUID https://postgres.fm/episodes/uuidPartitioning by ULID https://postgres.fm/episodes/partitioning-by-ulidWhy Upgrade? (site by depesz) https://why-upgrade.depesz.comWhy we spent the last month eliminating PostgreSQL subtransactions (GitLab blog post) https://about.gitlab.com/blog/2021/09/29/why-we-spent-the-last-month-eliminating-postgresql-subtransactionsSynchronization of sequences to subscriber (patch that needs review!)  https://commitfest.postgresql.org/49/5111~~~What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!~~~Postgres FM is produced by:Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustardNikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.aiWith special thanks to:Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork

Nikolay and Michael discuss planning time in Postgres — what it is, how to spot issues, its relationship to things like partitioning, and some tips for avoiding issues. Here are some links to things they mentioned:Query Planning (docs) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-query.htmlAre there limits to partition counts? (Blog post by depesz) https://www.depesz.com/2021/01/17/are-there-limits-to-partition-countsNikolays recent experiment https://postgres.ai/chats/01920004-a982-7896-b8cb-dfd2406359b0PgBouncer now supports prepared statements https://github.com/pgbouncer/pgbouncer/releases/tag/pgbouncer_1_21_0“The year of the lock manager’s revenge” (from blog post by Jeremy Schneider) https://ardentperf.com/2024/03/03/postgres-indexes-partitioning-and-lwlocklockmanager-scalabilitypg_stat_statements.track_planning https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/pgstatstatements.html#id-1.11.7.42.9.2.4.1.3pg_hint_plan https://github.com/ossc-db/pg_hint_plan~~~What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!~~~Postgres FM is produced by:Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustardNikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.aiWith special thanks to:Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork

Nikolay and Michael discuss why counting can be slow in Postgres, and what the options are for counting things quickly at scale. Here are some links to things they mentioned:Aggregate functions (docs) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/functions-aggregate.htmlPostgREST https://github.com/PostgREST/postgrest Get rid of count by default in PostgREST https://github.com/PostgREST/postgrest/issues/273 Faster PostgreSQL Counting (by Joe Nelson on the Citus blog) https://www.citusdata.com/blog/2016/10/12/count-performance Our episode on Index-Only Scans https://postgres.fm/episodes/index-only-scansPostgres HyperLogLog https://github.com/citusdata/postgresql-hllOur episode on Row estimates https://postgres.fm/episodes/row-estimates Our episode about dangers of NULLs https://postgres.fm/episodes/nulls-the-good-the-bad-the-ugly-and-the-unknown Aggregate expressions, including FILTER https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-expressions.html#SYNTAX-AGGREGATESSpread writes for counter cache (tip from Tobias Petry) https://x.com/tobias_petry/status/1475870220422107137pg_ivm extension (Incremental View Maintenance) https://github.com/sraoss/pg_ivm pg_duckdb announcement https://motherduck.com/blog/pg_duckdb-postgresql-extension-for-duckdb-motherduckOur episode on Queues in Postgres https://postgres.fm/episodes/queues-in-postgresOur episode on Real-time analytics https://postgres.fm/episodes/real-time-analyticsClickHouse acquired PeerDB https://clickhouse.com/blog/clickhouse-acquires-peerdb-to-boost-real-time-analytics-with-postgres-cdc-integrationTimescale Continuous Aggregates https://www.timescale.com/blog/materialized-views-the-timescale-wayTimescale editions https://docs.timescale.com/about/latest/timescaledb-editionsLoose indexscan https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Loose_indexscan~~~What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!~~~Postgres FM is produced by:Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustardNikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.aiWith special thanks to:Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork

Michael and Nikolay are joined by Peter Geoghegan, major contributor and committer to Postgres, to discuss adding skip scan support to PostgreSQL over versions 17 and 18. Here are some links to things they mentioned:Peter Geoghegan https://postgres.fm/people/peter-geogheganPeter’s previous (excellent) interview on Postgres TV https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iAPawr1DxhMEfficient Search of Multidimensional B-Trees (1995 paper by Harry Leslie, Rohit Jain, Dave Birdsall, and Hedieh Yaghmai) https://vldb.org/conf/1995/P710.PDFIndex Skip Scanning in Oracle https://oracle-base.com/articles/9i/index-skip-scanningPeter’s introductory email to the hackers mailing list about adding skip scan https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/CAH2-Wzmn1YsLzOGgjAQZdn1STSG_y8qP__vggTaPAYXJP+G4bw@mail.gmail.comLoose Indexscan versus Index Skip Scan (PostgreSQL wiki) https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Loose_indexscanTom Lane will be on the Talking Postgres podcast on October 9th https://aka.ms/TalkingPostgres-Ep20-calBenoit Tigeot feedback and repro (originally reported via Slack) https://gist.github.com/benoittgt/ab72dc4cfedea2a0c6a5ee809d16e04d?permalink_comment_id=4597410#gistcomment-4597410Summary video and blog post about the v17 work by Lukas from pganalyze (not mentioned but great) https://pganalyze.com/blog/5mins-postgres-17-faster-btree-index-scansUnderstanding HNSW + filtering (pgvector repo discussion) https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector/issues/259btree_gin https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/btree-gin.html~~~What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!~~~Postgres FM is produced by:Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustardNikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.aiWith special thanks to:Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork

Nikolay and Michael discuss PostgreSQL emergencies — both the psychological side of incident management, and some technical aspects too. Here are some links to things they mentioned:Site Reliability Engineering resources from Google https://sre.googleGitLab Handbook SRE https://handbook.gitlab.com/job-families/engineering/infrastructure/site-reliability-engineerKeeping Customers Streaming — The Centralized Site Reliability Practice at Netflix https://netflixtechblog.com/keeping-customers-streaming-the-centralized-site-reliability-practice-at-netflix-205cc37aa9fbOur monitoring checklist episode https://postgres.fm/episodes/monitoring-checklistHannu Krosing talk on Postgres TV — Do you vacuum everyday? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JcRi8Z7rkPgOur episode on corruption https://postgres.fm/episodes/corruptionNikolay’s episode on stopping and starting Postgres faster https://postgres.fm/episodes/stop-and-start-postgres-fasterOur episode on out of disk https://postgres.fm/episodes/out-of-diskThe USE method (Brendan Gregg) https://www.brendangregg.com/usemethod.html Thundering herd problem https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thundering_herd_problempgwatch2 Postgres AI edition https://gitlab.com/postgres-ai/pgwatch2~~~What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!~~~Postgres FM is produced by:Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustardNikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.aiWith special thanks to:Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork

Michael and Nikolay are joined by Haki Benita, a technical lead and database enthusiast who writes an excellent blog and gives popular talks and training sessions too, to discuss the surprisingly complex topic of trying to implement “get or create” in PostgreSQL — handling issues around idempotency, concurrency, and bloat. Here are some links to things they mentioned:Haki Benita https://hakibenita.com How to Get or Create in PostgreSQL (blog post by Haki) https://hakibenita.com/postgresql-get-or-create "Find-or-insert" using a single query (how-to guide by Nikolay) https://gitlab.com/postgres-ai/postgresql-consulting/postgres-howtos/-/blob/main/0036_find-or-insert_using_a_single_query.md?ref_type=heads Is SELECT or INSERT in a function prone to race conditions? (Answer by Erwin Brandstetter)  https://stackoverflow.com/questions/15939902/is-select-or-insert-in-a-function-prone-to-race-conditions/15950324#15950324 get_or_create() in Django https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/5.1/ref/models/querysets/#get-or-create Subtransactions Considered Harmful (blog post by Nikolay) https://postgres.ai/blog/20210831-postgresql-subtransactions-considered-harmful MERGE (Postgres documentation) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-merge.htmlHidden dangers of duplicate key violations in PostgreSQL and how to avoid them (blog post by Divya Sharma and Shawn McCoy from the RDS team) https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/database/hidden-dangers-of-duplicate-key-violations-in-postgresql-and-how-to-avoid-them/ One, Two, Skip a Few... (blog post by Pete Hamilton from Incident) https://incident.io/blog/one-two-skip-a-few ~~~What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!~~~Postgres FM is produced by:Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustardNikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.aiWith special thanks to:Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork

Michael and Nikolay are joined by Melanie Plageman, database internals engineer at Microsoft and major contributor and committer to PostgreSQL, to discuss getting started with benchmarking — how it differs for users and developers of Postgres, how and when it comes up during development, some tools and lessons, as well as what she's working on at the moment. Here are some links to things they mentioned:Melanie Plageman https://postgres.fm/people/melanie-plagemanMeanie’s Introduction to Benchmarking With pgbench talk slides https://postgresql.us/events/pgconfnyc2023/schedule/session/1410-introduction-to-benchmarking-with-pgbench/#slidesMelanie’s Visualizing Postgres I/O Performance for Development talk recording https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CxyPZHG5beIMelanie’s Visualizing Postgres I/O Performance for Development talk slides https://speakerdeck.com/melanieplageman/o-performance-for-developmentpgbench https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/pgbench.htmlMark Callaghan’s blog https://smalldatum.blogspot.comSome of Tomas Vondra’s blog posts https://www.2ndquadrant.com/en/blog/author/tomas-vondraSome of Andres Freund’s blog posts https://www.citusdata.com/blog/authors/andres-freund/An example of Alexander Lakhin’s work https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/b32bed1b-0746-9b20-1472-4bdc9ca66d52%40gmail.comSimplifying the TPC Benchmark C, an OLTP Workload (talk by Mark Wong) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qi0I74urLoYMatplotlib https://matplotlib.orgpandas https://pandas.pydata.orgpg_stat_io https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/monitoring-stats.html#MONITORING-PG-STAT-IO-VIEWpg_stat_io commit https://git.postgresql.org/gitweb/?p=postgresql.git;a=commit;h=a9c70b46dbe152e094f137f7e6ba9cd3a638ee25 pg_buffercache https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/pgbuffercache.htmltmpfs https://docs.kernel.org/filesystems/tmpfs.htmlEager page freeze criteria mailing list thread https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/CAAKRu_b3tpbdRPUPh1Q5h35gXhY%3DspH2ssNsEsJ9sDfw6%3DPEAg%40mail.gmail.comThe path to using AIO in postgres (talk by Andres Freund) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qX50xrHwQa4Improve dead tuple storage for lazy vacuum (Masahiko Sawada) https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/CAD21AoAfOZvmfR0j8VmZorZjL7RhTiQdVttNuC4W-Shdc2a-AA@mail.gmail.com~~~What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!~~~Postgres FM is produced by:Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustardNikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.aiWith special thanks to:Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork

Nikolay and Michael discuss Index-Only Scans in Postgres — what they are, how they help, some things to look out for, and some advice. Here are some links to things they mentioned:Index-Only Scans and Covering Indexes (docs) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/indexes-index-only-scans.htmlDiscussion on Twitter about JIT and Parallel Query defaults https://x.com/jer_s/status/1819749688184373742Postgres Wiki on Index-Only Scans https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Index-only_scansHeap Fetches https://www.pgmustard.com/docs/explain/heap-fetchesRows Removed By Filter https://www.pgmustard.com/docs/explain/rows-removed-by-filterrandom_page_cost https://postgresqlco.nf/doc/en/param/random_page_cost/pg_dump docs change https://x.com/samokhvalov/status/1820539826363588755Crunchy Bridge changed random_page_cost to 1.1 for new servers https://docs.crunchybridge.com/changelog#postgres_random_page_cost_1_1Autovacuum Tuning Basics (updated blog post by Tomas Vondra) https://www.enterprisedb.com/blog/autovacuum-tuning-basicsOur episode on over-indexing https://postgres.fm/episodes/over-indexingOur episode on HOT updates https://postgres.fm/episodes/hot-updatesOur episode on partitioning https://postgres.fm/episodes/partitioning~~~What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!~~~Postgres FM is produced by:Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustardNikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.aiWith special thanks to:Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork

Nikolay and Michael discuss why they chose Postgres — as users, for their businesses, for their careers, as well as some doubts. Here are some links to things they mentioned:Our episode on why Postgres become popular https://postgres.fm/episodes/why-is-postgres-popularDatabase Systems: The Complete Book (by Hector Garcia-Molina, Jeff Ullman, and Jennifer Widom) http://infolab.stanford.edu/~ullman/dscb.htmlOur episode on the Postgres startup ecosystem https://postgres.fm/episodes/postgres-startup-ecosystemWill Postgres Live Forever? (talk by Bruce Momjian) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iYVxWpyaGpA Constitutional Peasants from Monty Python and the Holy Grail https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t2c-X8HiBngThe Cathedral and the Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental Revolutionary (book by Eric S. Raymond) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cathedral_and_the_Bazaar ~~~What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!~~~Postgres FM is produced by:Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustardNikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.aiWith special thanks to:Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork

Nikolay and Michael discuss compression in Postgres — what's available natively, newer algorithms in recent versions, and several extensions with compression features. Here are some links to things they mentioned:wal_compression https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-wal.html#GUC-WAL-COMPRESSIONOur episode on WAL and checkpoint tuning https://postgres.fm/episodes/wal-and-checkpoint-tuningSynthetic wal_compression and streaming replication wal size test https://gitlab.com/postgres-ai/postgresql-consulting/tests-and-benchmarks/-/issues/11default_toast_compression https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-client.html#GUC-DEFAULT-TOAST-COMPRESSION ZFS https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZFSOur episode on TOAST https://postgres.fm/episodes/toastOn compression of everything in Postgres (talk by Andrey Borodin) https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/shows/cituscon-an-event-for-postgres-2023/on-compression-of-everything-in-postgres-citus-con-2023cstore_fdw https://citusdata.github.io/cstore_fdw/Using Hydra columnar https://columnar.docs.hydra.so/concepts/using-hydra-columnarAbout compression in Timescale https://docs.timescale.com/use-timescale/latest/compression/about-compression/pg_tier https://github.com/tembo-io/pg_tierpgBackRest https://pgbackrest.org/WAL-G https://github.com/wal-g/wal-gpg_dump https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/app-pgdump.htmlpg_dump compression specifications in PostgreSQL 16 (article by Pablo Glob from Cybertec) https://www.cybertec-postgresql.com/en/pg_dump-compression-specifications-postgresql-16/Our episode on pgvector (with Jonathan Katz) https://postgres.fm/episodes/pgvector ~~~What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!~~~Postgres FM is produced by:Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustardNikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.aiWith special thanks to:Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork

Nikolay and Michael discuss Postgres running out of disk space — including what happens, what can cause it, how to recover, and most importantly, how to prevent it from happening in the first place. Here are some links to things they mentioned:Disk Full (docs) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/disk-full.htmlpgcompacttable https://github.com/dataegret/pgcompacttable Our episode on massive deletes https://postgres.fm/episodes/massive-deletes Getting Rid of Data (slides from VLDB 2019 keynote by Tova Milo)pg_tier https://github.com/tembo-io/pg_tier Data tiering in Timescale Cloud https://docs.timescale.com/use-timescale/latest/data-tiering/ Postgres is Out of Disk and How to Recover (blog post by Elizabeth Christensen) https://www.crunchydata.com/blog/postgres-is-out-of-disk-and-how-to-recover-the-dos-and-donts max_slot_wal_keep_size https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-replication.html#GUC-MAX-SLOT-WAL-KEEP-SIZE Our episode on checkpoint tuning https://postgres.fm/episodes/wal-and-checkpoint-tuning Aiven docs on full disk issues https://aiven.io/docs/products/postgresql/howto/prevent-full-disk  ~~~What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!~~~Postgres FM is produced by:Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustardNikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.aiWith special thanks to:Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork

Nikolay and Michael discuss the Postgres startup ecosystem — some recent closures, some recent fundraising announcements, and their thoughts on where things are going and what they'd like to see. Here are some links to things they mentioned:Prediction from Dax Raad https://x.com/thdxr/status/1808972166752580039OtterTune shut down https://x.com/andy_pavlo/status/1801687420330770841Snaplet shutting down https://www.snaplet.dev/post/snaplet-is-shutting-downbit.io shut down https://blog.bit.io/whats-next-for-bit-io-joining-databricks-ace9a40bce0d?gi=8ef885454eefTimescale acquired PopSQL https://www.timescale.com/blog/best-postgresql-gui-popsql-joins-timescaleAiven https://aiven.ioHasura https://hasura.ioSupabase https://supabase.comNeon https://neon.techTembo https://tembo.ioFerretDB https://www.ferretdb.comHydra https://www.hydra.sopgEdge https://www.pgedge.comTembo raised $14m https://techcrunch.com/2024/07/08/database-startup-tembo-lands-new-cash-to-expandRy Walker’s Cybertruck with STARTUP license plate https://x.com/rywalker/status/1810061804380557516 Supabase acquired OrioleDB https://supabase.com/blog/supabase-acquires-orioleMichael Stonebraker Turing Award Lecture https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BbGeKi6T6QIMicrosoft acquired Citus https://blogs.microsoft.com/blog/2019/01/24/microsoft-acquires-citus-data-re-affirming-its-commitment-to-open-source-and-accelerating-azure-postgresql-performance-and-scaleCrunchy Bridge https://www.crunchydata.com/products/crunchy-bridgePeerDB https://www.peerdb.ioParadeDB https://www.paradedb.compganalyze https://pganalyze.comDBeaver https://dbeaver.ioPostico / Egger Apps https://eggerapps.at/postico2Postgres Compare https://www.postgrescompare.comCoroot https://coroot.comokmeter https://okmeter.ioSlides from Nikolay’s talk on monitoring https://bit.ly/pg-monitoring Nile https://www.thenile.devUbicloud https://www.ubicloud.com~~~What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!~~~Postgres FM is produced by:Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustardNikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.aiWith special thanks to:Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork

Nikolay talks Michael through a recent experiment to find the current maximum transactions per second single-node Postgres can achieve — why he was looking into it, what bottlenecks occurred along the way, and ideas for follow up experiments. Here are some links to things they mentioned:How many TPS can we get from a single Postgres node? (Article by Nikolay) https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/how-many-tps-can-we-get-from-single-postgres-node-nikolay-samokhvalov-yu0rcChat history with Postgres AI bot https://postgres.ai/chats/01905a83-4573-7dca-b47a-bb60ce30fe6cOur episode on the overhead of pg_stat_statements and pg_stat_kcache https://postgres.fm/episodes/overhead-of-pg_stat_statements-and-pg_stat_kcachePostgreSQL 17 beta 2 is out https://www.postgresql.org/about/news/postgresql-17-beta-2-released-2885/ PostgreSQL and MySQL: Millions of Queries per Second (about the work by Sveta and Alexander) https://www.percona.com/blog/millions-queries-per-second-postgresql-and-mysql-peaceful-battle-at-modern-demanding-workloadspostgresql_cluster https://github.com/vitabaks/postgresql_clusterTrack on CPU events for pg_wait_sampling https://github.com/postgrespro/pg_wait_sampling/pull/74The year of the Lock Manager’s Revenge (post by Jeremy Schneider) https://ardentperf.com/2024/03/03/postgres-indexes-partitioning-and-lwlocklockmanager-scalability Pluggable cumulative statistics (Postgres hackers thread started by Michael Paquier) https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/Zmqm9j5EO0I4W8dx%40paquier.xyz ~~~What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!~~~Postgres FM is produced by:Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustardNikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.aiWith special thanks to:Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork

Nikolay and Michael discuss soft deletion in Postgres — what it means, several use cases, some implementation options, and which implementations suit which use cases. Here are some links to things they mentioned:Soft deletion probably isn't worth it (blog post by Brandur) https://brandur.org/soft-deletionEasy alternative soft deletion (blog post by Brandur) https://brandur.org/fragments/deleted-record-insertOur episode on auditing https://postgres.fm/episodes/auditingCREATE FUNCTION … SECURITY DEFINER (docs) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-createfunction.htmlPrinciple of least privilege https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_least_privilege~~~What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!~~~Postgres FM is produced by:Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustardNikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.aiWith special thanks to:Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork

Nikolay and Michael discuss foreign keys in Postgres — what they are, their benefits, their overhead, some edge cases to be aware of, some improvements coming, and whether or not they generally recommend using them. Here are some links to things they mentioned:Foreign keys (docs) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/ddl-constraints.html#DDL-CONSTRAINTS-FKOur episode about constraints: https://postgres.fm/episodes/constraintsGitLab migration helper add_concurrent_foreign_key https://github.com/gitlabhq/gitlabhq/blob/master/rubocop/cop/migration/add_concurrent_foreign_key.rbAdding a foreign key without downtime (tweet by Nikolay) https://x.com/samokhvalov/status/1732056107483636188Bloat, pg_repack, and deferred constraints (blog post by Miro) https://medium.com/miro-engineering/postgresql-bloat-pg-repack-and-deferred-constraints-d0ecf33337ecPostgres 17 draft release notes, server configuration section https://www.postgresql.org/docs/17/release-17.html#RELEASE-17-SERVER-CONFIGOur 100th episode https://postgres.fm/episodes/to-100tb-and-beyondStop! Trigger Time (blog post by Michael) https://www.pgmustard.com/blog/trigger-timeShould I Create an Index on Foreign Keys? (Blog post by Percona) https://www.percona.com/blog/should-i-create-an-index-on-foreign-keys-in-postgresqlAvoid Postgres performance cliffs with MultiXact IDs and foreign keys (5 min video by Lukas Fittl) https://pganalyze.com/blog/5mins-postgres-multiXact-ids-foreign-keys-performanceExperiment to see basic overhead of foreign keys https://v2.postgres.ai/chats/01902ee6-8ed1-70ec-9345-5606305012f4Experiment showing an extreme contention case https://v2.postgres.ai/chats/018fb28d-865f-788d-adb7-efa7ed3a48c4Subtransactions Considered Harmful (blog post by Nikolay) https://postgres.ai/blog/20210831-postgresql-subtransactions-considered-harmfulNotes on some PostgreSQL implementation details (blog post by Nelson Elhage that mentions “subtransactions are cursed”) https://buttondown.email/nelhage/archive/notes-on-some-postgresql-implementation-details~~~What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!~~~Postgres FM is brought to you by:Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.aiMichael Christofides, founder of pgMustardWith special thanks to:Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork

Nikolay is joined by Mat Arye and John Pruitt, from Timescale, to discuss their new extension pgvectorscale and high-performance vector search in Postgres more generally. Main links:https://github.com/timescale/pgvectorscalehttps://www.timescale.com/blog/pgvector-vs-pineconehttps://postgres.fm/people/matvey-aryehttps://postgres.fm/people/john-pruitt~~~What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!~~~Postgres FM is produced by:Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.aiMichael Christofides, founder of pgMustardWith special thanks to:Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork

Michael and Nikolay are joined by three special guests for episode 100 who have all scaled Postgres to significant scale — Arka Ganguli from Notion, Sammy Steele from Figma, and Derk van Veen from Adyen. They cover how their setup has evolved, what their plans are for the future, and get into the weeds of some fun and interesting challenges along the way!Links to some of the things discussed: Arka Ganguli from Notion https://postgres.fm/people/arka-ganguliSammy Steele from Figma https://postgres.fm/people/sammy-steeleDerk van Veen from Adyen https://postgres.fm/people/derk-van-veenThank you to yerrysherry on Reddit for the idea! https://www.reddit.com/r/PostgreSQL/comments/1cn8ajh/what_should_we_do_for_episode_100_of_postgres_fmLessons learned from sharding Postgres at Notion (October 2021) https://www.notion.so/blog/sharding-postgres-at-notionAdding Postgres capacity (again) with zero downtime (July 2023) https://www.notion.so/blog/the-great-re-shardHow Figma’s databases team lived to tell the scale (March 2024) https://www.figma.com/blog/how-figmas-databases-team-lived-to-tell-the-scaleUpdating a 50 terabyte PostgreSQL database (March 2018) https://www.adyen.com/knowledge-hub/updating-a-50-terabyte-postgresql-databasePart 1: Introduction to Table Partitioning (July 2023) https://www.adyen.com/knowledge-hub/introduction-to-table-partioningPart 2: Partitioning at Adyen (October 2023) https://www.adyen.com/knowledge-hub/partitioning-at-adyenPart 3: Maintenance Under Pressure (January 2024) https://www.adyen.com/knowledge-hub/maintenance-under-pressureFighting PostgreSQL write amplification with HOT updates (May 2022) https://www.adyen.com/knowledge-hub/postgresql-hot-updatesTracking HOT updates and tuning FillFactor (October 2022) https://www.adyen.com/knowledge-hub/postgresql-hot-updates-part2Partitioning your Postgres tables for 20X better performance (upcoming talk by Derk at Posette) https://www.citusdata.com/posette/speakers/derk-van-veenFigma, including Sammy’s team, is hiring https://www.figma.com/careers Notion’s engineering team is hiring https://www.notion.so/careersAdyen’s engineering team is hiring https://careers.adyen.com~~~What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!~~~Postgres FM is produced by:Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustardNikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.aiWith special thanks to:Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork

Michael is joined by Claire Giordano, Head of Postgres Open Source Community Initiatives at Microsoft, to discuss several ways to contribute to the Postgres community — from core contributions, to extensions, to events, and (of course) podcasts. Here are some links to things they mentioned:What’s new with Postgres at Microsoft (blog post by Claire) https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/azure-database-for-postgresql/what-s-new-with-postgres-at-microsoft-2024-edition/ba-p/4140085 Citus https://github.com/citusdata/citus Fibonacci Spirals and 21 Ways to Contribute to Postgres Beyond Code (talk by Claire) https://archive.fosdem.org/2020/schedule/event/postgresql_fibonacci_spirals_and_21_ways_to_contribute_to_postgres_beyond_code/ How to contribute to PostgreSQL or, 50 Ways To Love Your Project (talk slides by Josh Berkus) https://berkus.org/pdf_presos/50_ways.pdf pgconf dot dev https://2024.pgconf.dev/ POSETTE: An Event for Postgres https://www.citusdata.com/posette About Talk Selection for POSETTE https://www.citusdata.com/blog/2024/04/22/about-talk-selection-for-posette-an-event-for-postgres-2024/ Claire’s video about how to say Postgres, PostgreSQL, Citus, and a few questionably named Microsoft things https://x.com/clairegiordano/status/1503784151614320640 Citus goes fully open source https://www.citusdata.com/blog/2024/04/22/about-talk-selection-for-posette-an-event-for-postgres-2024/Contributor Profiles https://www.postgresql.org/community/contributors/ Mastodon post by Álvaro Herrera (of EDB) https://lile.cl/@alvherre/112444579030481334 Path To Citus Con podcast (soon to be renamed to Talking Postgres) https://www.citusdata.com/podcast/path-to-citus-con/ ~~~What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!~~~Postgres FM is produced by:Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustardNikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.aiWith special thanks to:Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork

Nikolay and Michael discuss full text search in Postgres — some of the history, some of the features, and whether it now makes sense to try to replace or combine it with semantic search. Here are some links to things they mentioned:Full Text Search https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/textsearch.htmltsearch2 https://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.6/tsearch2.htmlDictionaries https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/textsearch-dictionaries.html RUM index https://github.com/postgrespro/rum Okapi BM25 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okapi_BM25 tf–idf https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tf%E2%80%93idf unaccent https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/unaccent.html tsvector and tsquery https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/datatype-textsearch.html GiST indexes https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/gist.html GIN indexes https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/gin.html Controlling Text Search (including setweight function) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/textsearch-controls.html pg_trgrm https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/pgtrgm.html btree_gist https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/btree-gist.html btree_gin https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/btree-gin.html websearch_to_tsquery https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/textsearch-controls.html#TEXTSEARCH-PARSING-QUERIES  pgvector https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector Our previous episode on search https://postgres.fm/episodes/search ~~~What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!~~~Postgres FM is brought to you by:Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.aiMichael Christofides, founder of pgMustardWith special thanks to:Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork